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Significant mental illnesses called psychoses are characterised by severe symptoms such illusions, nightmares, cognitive problems, and deficiencies in reasoning and insight. People with psychosis frequently struggle to function in daily life and may even be physically or mentally impaired because their cognition, emotion, and behaviour are so severely disrupted. People with psychoses that are unaware of or refuse to accept that they are ill, despite their distress and obvious confusion about the outside world, frequently fail to understand that their subjective perceptions and feelings do not match up with external truth. This is a concept displayed by people with psychoses who are unaware of or refuse to accept that they have been ill. Traditional classifications of the psychoses include organic and functional psychoses. It was once believed that actual brain dysfunction or damage was the root of organic psychoses.

Clinical examination suggested that functional psychoses were free of actual brain disease. Numerous studies suggest that the distinction between organic and functional is untrue. Most psychoses are now believed to be brought on by structural or metabolic changes in the brain. A person's ideas, feelings, moods, and attitude, as well as their family and marital relationships, sexual activity, employment, leisure activities, and money management, can all be impacted by a mental illness. Most mental illnesses have a negative effect on how people perceive themselves and their capacity to form satisfying relationships. Psychopathology is the scientific study of the important causes, mechanisms, and clinical symptoms of mental illnesses. The basis for psychiatry practise is a profound understanding of, and investigation into, psychopathology, the science and practise of diagnosing and treating mental disorders as well as dealing with their prevention. For the treatment of mental illnesses, psychiatry, psychology, and associated disciplines including clinical psychology and counselling offer a wide range of solutions. These include addressing biochemical imbalances in the brain through the use of psychoactive drugs to treat depression, anxiety, and other distressing emotional states. Another important category of treatments is psychotherapies, which use psychological methods to treat mental illnesses and involve verbal interaction between the patient and a trained professional within the context of a therapeutic interpersonal relationship. In various ways, psychotherapy focuses on emotional experience, cognitive functioning, and overt behaviour.