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Hydrocephalus is a disorder in which a disease or deficiency causes an increase in the volume of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) in the cranium, resulting in greater pressure against brain tissue. The term hydrocephalus literally means "water on the brain," yet the illness is caused by a wide range of disorders and disease states, making it difficult to describe and diagnose. The choroid plexus in the third and fourth ventricles of the brain produces the majority of CSF. It protects and cushions the brain by filling the subarachnoid gaps. As CSF production increases, it travels from the brain to the spinal cord and is eliminated from circulation via the arachnoid villi and the vertebral venous plexus.

Diagnosis

Hydrocephalus is difficult to detect due to its numerous signs and symptoms, which frequently coincide with those of other disorders. Infants' disease progression is likely to differ from that of children and adults. In both new-borns and adults, nausea and vomiting are common. In babies, fussiness and a lack of appetite are common signs of hydrocephalus; however, the most noticeable symptom is a swollen cranium. Infant skull sutures are fragile and not fully grown, allowing them to expand in response to increased pressure from CSF accumulation. Because the skull bones of adults and children are not flexible, increased intracranial pressure frequently causes headaches. Treatment

Shunt Placement: As previously stated, shunt placement is the conventional treatment for hydrocephalus. Shunts are often implanted in the lateral ventricle and have one of three drainage locations. The peritoneum is the most typical drainage location, which is linked to the shunt via subcutaneous tubing. This is referred to as a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Ventriculopleural and ventriculoatrial shunts, on the other hand, terminate in the pleural space and the internal jugular vein, respectively. The lumboperitoneal shunt is the last form and is implanted in the lumbar intradural region. A valve controls the rate of drainage in shunt systems. The valve may need to be surgically accessed, or it may be installed so that modifications can be made without requiring additional surgery.

Lumbar Puncture: Performing periodic lumbar punctures is a short-term therapy option for hydrocephalus. This is a short-term solution to minimise the amount of CSF until a more permanent treatment can be undertaken. Lumbar puncture can be used to treat communicative hydrocephalus, but it is only effective in patients who can still absorb some CSF. In some circumstances, a drain may be implanted to eliminate the need for continuous lumbar tapping; however, this method has a higher likelihood of infection as compared to serial lumbar punctures. Lumbar puncture may be done in neonates, as ETV has a very poor surgical success rate.